U2202

**Voltage and Frequency Ranges Used In Different Countries ** toc = **Definition** = = =  According to the international system of unit (SI) Electric tension is also named as voltage. Voltage is the [|difference of electrical potential]between two points of an electrical or [|electrical circuits]expressed in volts. It is the measurement of the potential for an [|electric field] cause an [|electric current]in an [|electric conductor]. Depending on the difference of electrical potential it is called extra low voltage, low voltage, high voltage or extra high voltage. Specifically, voltage is equal to energy per unit charge. = **Introduction** = = =  There are many countries using different voltage and frequency ranges as a country standard. There are four types of voltage and frequency ranges set as a worldwide standard which are as following below. · 220-240v / 50hz · 220-240v / 60hz · 100-127v / 50hz · 100-127v / 60hz In this chapter I explain why the different countries choose different voltage and frequency ranges and also to give the basic information regarding to the voltage and frequency ranges set by the countries as their standard. Due to the voltage Range standard set by the different country we are affected in our daily life. Like electric appliances from USA cannot be used in Germany due to the different voltage ranges or may need to change the voltage of power supply. = **History of Voltage** = = =  In 19th Century, the system of [|three phasing](Alternating current electrical generation, transmission, and distribution was developed by [|Nokia Tesla], [|George Westinghouse]. A Direct Current (DC) system at 110v was developed by [|Thomas Edison]. The 110 volt level was chosen to make high-resistance carbon filament lamps practical and economically competitive with gas lighting. While higher voltages would reduce the current required for a given quantity of lamps, the filaments would become increasingly fragile and short-lived; Edison selected 100 volts as a compromise between distribution costs and lamp costs. In 18th century only carbon-filament incandescent lamps were available, designed for a voltage of around 100 volts. Later metal filament lamps became feasible. In 1899, the Berliner Elektricitäts-Werke (BEW), a Berlin electrical utility, decided to greatly increase its distribution capacity by switching to 220 volt nominal distribution, taking advantage of the higher voltage capability of metal filament lamps. The company was able to offset the cost of converting the customer's equipment by the resulting saving in distribution conductors cost. This became the model for electrical distribution in Germany and the rest of Europe and the 220-volt system became common. North American practice remained with voltages near 110 volts for lamps. In 1883 Edison patented a three wire distribution system to allow DC generation plants to serve a wider radius of customers. This saved on copper costs since lamps were connected in series on a 220 volt system, with a neutral conductor connected between to carry any unbalance between the two sub-circuits. This was later adapted to AC circuits. Most lighting and small appliances ran on 120 V, while big appliances could be connected to 240 V. This system saved copper and was backward-compatible with existing appliances. Also, the original plugs could be used with the revised system. At the end of the 19th century, Westinghouse in the US decided on 60 Hz and AEG in Germany decided on 50 Hz, eventually leading to the world being mostly divided into two frequency camps. Most 60 Hz systems are nominally 120 Volts and most 50 Hz nominally 230 Volts = **List of Voltage and frequency by country Worldwide**  = =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

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=<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[|List of countries using (100-127v / 50 Hz and 100-127v / 60 Hz) Frequency & Voltage] = =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> = |||| <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> || |||| <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> El Salvador || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Micronesia || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Guam || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Nicaragua || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Guatemala || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Northern Mariana Islands || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Guyana || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Panama || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Haiti || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Puerto Rico || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Honduras || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Suriname || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Jamaica || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Taiwan, R.O.C.   || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Japan || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Turks and Caicos Islands || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Lebanon || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> United States || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Liberia || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Venezuela || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Marshall Islands || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Virgin Islands (U.S.) || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Mexico || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Wake Island || =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">**[|List of countries using (220-240v / 50 Hz and 220-240v / 60 Hz) Frequency & Voltage]**   = =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> = |||| <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Finland || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Mauritania || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> France || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Mauritius || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> French Guiana || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Moldova || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> French Polynesia || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Mongolia || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Gabon || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Montserrat || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Gambia || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Mozambique || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Georgia || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Myanmar || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Germany || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Namibia || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Ghana || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Nauru || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Gibraltar || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Nepal || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Greece || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Netherlands || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Greenland || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> New Caledonia || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Grenada || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> New Zealand || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Guadeloupe || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Niger || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Guinea || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Nigeria || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Guinea-Bissau || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Niue || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Hong Kong || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Norfolk Island || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Hungary || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Norway || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Iceland || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Oman || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> India || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Pakistan || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Indonesia || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Palau || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Iran || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Papua New Guinea || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Iraq || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Paraguay || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Ireland || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Peru || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Israel || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Pitcairn Islands || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Italy || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Poland || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Jordan || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Portugal || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Kazakhstan || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Qatar || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Kenya || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Reunion || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Kiribati || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Romania || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Korea, South || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Russia || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Kuwait || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Rwanda || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Kyrgyzstan || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Saint Kitts and Nevis || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Laos || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Saint Lucia || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Latvia || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Lesotho || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Sao Tome and Principe || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Liechtenstein || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Senegal || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Lithuania || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Serbia || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Luxembourg || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Seychelles || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Macau || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Sierra Leone || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Macedonia || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Singapore || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Malawi || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Slovakia || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Malaysia || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Slovenia || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Maldives || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Somalia || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Mali || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> South Africa || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Malta || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Spain || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Martinique || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Sri Lanka || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> United Arab Emirates || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Korea, North || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> United Kingdom || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Libya || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Uruguay || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Madagascar || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Uzbekistan || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Mayotte || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Vatican City State || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Midway Islands || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">West Bank-Gaza || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Monaco || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Western Samoa || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Morocco || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Yemen || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Netherlands Antilles || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Yugoslavia || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Philippines || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Zambia || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> San Marino || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Zimbabwe || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Saudi Arabia || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Algeria || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Solomon Islands || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Andorra || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Isle of Man || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Bhutan || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tokelau || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Bolivia || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Trinidad and Tobago || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Brazil || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Tunisia || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Johnston Atoll || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Viet Nam || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Conclusion = =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> There are some reason behind adapting different voltage and frequency range standard in different countries. As I have explained in the history of voltage, Mostly in Europe & other countries are using 220-240v standard because it has an influence from the historic electricity development in Europe and widely spreading market all over the world. At the time the US also wanted to change but because of the cost involved to replace all electric appliances, they decided not to. At the time (50s-60s) the average US household already had a fridge, a washing-machine, etc., but not in Europe.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Country **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> American Samoa
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Aruba
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Bahamas
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Barbados
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Belize
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Bermuda
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Canada
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Cayman Islands
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Colombia
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Costa Rica
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Cuba
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Dominican Republic
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Ecuador
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">** <span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Country  **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Albania
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Angola
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Anguilla
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Antigua and Barbuda
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Argentina
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Armenia
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Australia
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Austria
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Azerbaijan
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Bahrain
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Bangladesh
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Belarus
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Belgium
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Benin
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Bosnia-Herzegovina
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Botswana
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Brunei
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Bulgaria
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Burkina Faso
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Burundi
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Cambodia
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Cameroon
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Cape Verde
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Central African Republic
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Chad
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Channel Islands
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Chile
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> China
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Christmas Island
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Cocos (Keeling) Islands
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Comoros
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Congo
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Cook Islands
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Cote d'Ivoire
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Croatia
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Cyprus
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Czech Republic
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Democratic Republic of Congo
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Denmark
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Djibouti
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Dominica
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Egypt
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Equatorial Guinea
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Eritrea
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Estonia
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Ethiopia
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Falkland Islands
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> St. Helena
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> St. Pierre and Miquelon
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Sudan
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Swaziland
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Sweden
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Switzerland
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Syria
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Tajikistan
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Tanzania
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Thailand
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Togo
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Tonga
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Turkey
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Turkmenistan
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Tuvalu
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Uganda
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Ukraine

=<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> References = =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> = <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_power_systems