U2200


 * MOBILE PHONE STANDARDS**

A Mobile Phone is a long- range, portable electronic device used for mobile communication. In addition to the standard voice function of a telephone, current Mobile Phones can support many additional services such as SMS for text mesasaging, Email, access to the Internet, and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video. Most current Mobile Phones connect to a cellular network of base stations, which is in turn interconnected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
 * Intruduction**

The [|history]of the mobile phone based on some phases which are early years, first generation, second generation and third generation. The introduction of hexagonal cells for mobile phone base stations, invented in 1947 by Bell Labs engineers at AT&T, was further developed by Bell Labs during the 1960s. Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held cellular radio devices have been available since 1983. Due to their low establishment costs and rapid deployment, mobile phone networks have since spread rapidly throughout the world, outstripping the growth of fixed telephony. In 1945, the 0G generation of mobile telephones were introduced. 0G mobile telephones, such as Mobile Telephone Service, were not officially categorized as mobile phones, since they did not support the automatic change of channel frequency in the middle of a call, when the user moved from one cell (base station coverage area) to another cell, a feature called "handover". In 1970 Amos Joel of Bell Labs invented the "call handoff" feature, which allowed a mobile-phone user to travel through several cells during the same conversation. Martin Cooper of Motorola is widely considered to be the inventor of the first practical mobile phone for handheld use in a non-vehicle setting. Using a modern, if somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on April 3, 1973. At the time he made his call, Cooper was working as Motorola's General Manager of its Communications Division.
 * History**

Fully automatic cellular networks were first introduced in the early to mid-1980s (the 1G generation). The first fully automatic mobile phone system was the 1981 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system. Until the early 1990s, most mobile phones were too large to be carried in a jacket pocket, so they were usually permanently installed in vehicles as car phones. With the advance of miniaturization and smaller digital components, mobile phones got smaller and lighter.

AMPS (Analog)** AMPS is an acronym which stands for "Analog Mobile Phone Service" or sometimes also known as "Advanced Mobile Phone System". The AMPS standard was the most prevalent analog mobile phone standard used throughout the 1980s. (However, it was not the very first mobile phone standard, hence the term "Advanced" in the name.)
 * Mobile Phone Standards[[image:cellular.gif width="258" height="170" align="right"]]


 * [[image:tdma-small.gif align="right"]]

TDMA ( Time Division Multiple Access)** TDMA is an acronym which stands for "Time Division Multiple Access". It is a digital standard which allows for each cellular "channel" to be divided into time slots, thus providing a gain in capacity over AMPS. Given the higher capacity per cell tower and the fact that it is a digital standard, TDMA was the obvious follow-on replacement to AMPS.

GSM is an acronym which stands for "Global System for Mobile". The GSM standard is the most-used mobile standard in the world, with the largest deployment being in Europe. GSM is a digital standard which is internally based on Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) techniques. Newer GSM phones also support digital transmission through GPRS, which allows packets of data to be sent and received at moderate rates. It is this GPRS extension which allows new features such as MMS and WAP/web browsing capability. The GSM standard has been around for a relatively long time. Its popularity continues to grow because of the addition of GPRS and integration of cameras, MP3 players and other gadgets into GSM phones. Because of these additions, this relatively old standard is actually being phased in within the US.
 * GSM ( Global System for Mobile)**

CDMA is an acronym which stands for Code Division Multiple Access. Of the three digital standards mentioned above, CDMA is the newest and allows for the highest capacity and highest mobile data throughput. Theoretically CDMA provides many times the channel capacity of TDMA. Proponents of CDMA also claim that there are fewer dropped calls when crossing cell boundaries.
 * [[image:cdma-small.gif align="right"]]CDMA ( Code Division Multiple Access)**

The [|list] of the other standards of the Mobile Phone
 * The other standards of the Mobile Phone**

[|www.mamboservis.com] [|www.pangolinsms.com]
 * Referances**